Managing Business Marketing Channels & E-Commerce Assignment

Overseeing Business Marketing Channels and E-Commerce - Assignment Example ver, they have to illuminate any contention that may emerge during the way toward conveying products to the client just as assess their exhibition and prize the individuals who meet the set objectives. The two sorts of channels are the immediate where the producer plays out all the showcasing capacities and the backhanded channel where the middle people are included to deal with the items (Dent, 2011). Today, innovation has changed the world, particularly when conveying. Data is passed from individual to another in a flash. To beat the opposition, most associations utilize the web to showcase and promote their items. They are additionally ready to pass data to clients through email. What's more, clients can go online to buy and pay for merchandise. Furthermore, associations that utilization the web to process data and convey abilities, both inside and remotely are in a superior situation to contend in the market. Today, most associations use internet business to accelerate and robotize a company’s interior procedures, give valuable data to clients about the items just as give opportune and productive answers for clients. A portion of the benefits of utilizing the web incorporate the decrease of exchange costs, the combination of the circulation of merchandise, and a more extensive openness to the worldwide

Ramses essays

Ramses expositions Ramses II an Egyptian lord the third leader of the nineteenth administration and the child of Seti I. Ramses was brought into the world some time around 1304 BC and kicked the bucket around 1237 BC. Ramses was perhaps the best leader of antiquated Egypt if not than the best as Pharaoh Ramses was the most remarkable in the world under him came the consecrated minister and underneath the esteemed clerics came the prophets. Ramses life stay a puzzle yet he generally recorded his enormous accomplishments. Ramses II was on the Egyptian seat for a long time. Over each one of those years it was for the most part very and tranquil. Likewise over his reign in antiquated Egypt Ramses got known for his extraordinary development He was the most productive developer of all ages . Ramses had a hard youth he was given incredible duties and amazing privileges and by the age of ten Ramses was commander of the military. By 1920 BC Ramses, much the same as numerous new rulers spent the initial barely a ny years visiting his realm and all the domains to see where the grieved territories are. In his fifth year of administering Egypt, Ramses ran into some difficulty, King Muwatallish of the Hittites who was wanting to assault Egypt. In this way Ramses set out and crossed the Egyptian outskirts around 15 miles from Kadesh Ramses found the division of Re who were unconscious that the Egyptians were coming and they were not set up for the fight to come so they fled to another gathering called Amun and they to were ignorant of the Egyptians. So the two gatherings fled to Kadesh to meet the Hittites. Ramses assaulted driving the gatherings into the riverbank. Ruler Muwatallish watched the fight from a separation neglecting to send in his 8,000 spearmen. Ramses head long charges had pushed the Hittites back to the waterway banks. The following day the savered hands of the dead were introduced to Ramses. The soldiers adulated their pioneer! Ramses was pleased and the main thing he lauded wa s his shield-carrier and his two ponies. The clash of Kaldesh could have handily been won by the Hittites in the event that they ... <! Ramses papers From accumulated sources and realities ramses the second is recommended to be the best developer just as leader of all Egyptian history. His works stay fantastic when contrasted with different works of a similar period. The standard of Ramses the second initiated in 1304 BC, turning into the third pharaoh of the 19 tradition. There are numerous deficiencies in his rule, yet additionally entirely remarkable positive things. Ramses took on in numerous conflicts during his standard over Egypt. He developed his region further into Africa, south into Nubia just as giving Egypt more ability against the Libyans. He additionally vanquished Asia Minor. (Ramses). Ramses believed one fight against the Hittites to be his most prominent. He recounted being abandoned by most on the off chance that his troop as the adversary was hunkering down on him: Then the lord he lashed each pony, And they stimulated up their course, And he ran into the center of the threatening, Hittite host, All alone, none other with him, for he tallied not the expense. At that point he looked behind, and found That the adversary were all near, Two thousand and 500 of their chariots of war; And the bloom of the Hittites, and their aides, in a ring-Men of Masu, Keshkesh, Pidasa, Malunna, Arathu, Qazauadana, Kadesh, Akerith, Leka and Khilibu-Cut off the route behind, Retreat he was unable to discover; There were three men on every vehicle, And they assembled all, and shut upon the ruler. Yea, and not one of my sovereigns, of my central men and my extraordinary, Was with me, not a skipper, not a knight; For my warriors and chariots had left me to my destiny, Not one was there to take his part in battle. (Fight). Ramses II is, be that as it may, most popular for all the structures and landmarks he had developed in his name the nation over. Particularly the momentous sanctuaries of Karnak (close to Luxor) and Abu Simbel (in the south of the nation in supposed Nubia) and his funeral home sanctuary The Rames seum (on the West Bank close to Luxor) give proof of his affection for popularity. In the entirety of his landmarks he had his name... <! ramses articles In the Egyptian pyramids of Giza, Ramses the Great administered as the best pharaoh everything being equal. Ramses the Great, otherwise called Ramses II, was conceived in 1304 B.C., and was given the name the Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the information on the realm, and turned into the focal point of the court at an early age. Ramses and his dad, Seti I, hung out, and at age ten, Ramses became beneficiary to the tossed. He took the tossed in the time of 1292 B.C, between the ages of 22 or 32. The pharaoh lived over every single others in the realm. Ramses II reigned in the nineteenth line. Ramses was thought of an unbelievable pharaoh, and was an extraordinary war pioneer to the Egyptians. He was outstanding amongst other known rulers in Egyptian history. At the point when Ramses became pharaoh, he got numerous wealth. For instance, Ramses had the same number of ladies as his heart wanted. The ladies thoroughly took care of Ramses, which incorporates moving for him. Ramses II was the most remarkable lord in all of antiquated Egypt, and his Queens were his most prominent supporters. Ramses II had numerous fundamental spouses ( six to eight) just as numerous auxiliary wives. With these spouses he had more than one-hundred kids. Thirty of the kids were believed to be little girls. Ramses wedded his first spouse Nefertari in 1267 B.C., even before he took the seat. She was his first and most noteworthy love. Ramses designated Nefertari, after his dad's demise, as the Incomparable Royal Wife and the Special lady of Upper and Lower Nile. She had brought into the world his first child. Ramses ventured to develop a colossal sculpture of his adored spouse close to his sculpture in Abu Simbel. Lamentably, Nefertari kicked the bucket when Ramses was just 48 years of age. He at that point wedded one of their girls, Meryt-Amun and afterward kept on wedding different spouses including a Babylonian princess, a Syrian princess, a Hittite princess, one of his sisters, and a few little girls. At the point when Ramses II originally became pharaoh he waged holy war along the easter ... <!

Angela Merkel free essay sample

Prill Challenges of Leadership Book Analysis Modern World Leaders-Angela Merkel The individual picked for this initiative report is Angela Merkel. I read â€Å"Modern World Leaders-Angela Merkel† composed by Clifford W. Plants. Being conceived in Berlin, with my pride in being German, just as being a female with my own initiative aspirations, I felt Angela Merkel was an ideal fit for me. Picking up information on the administration style from one of the most impressive and compelling ladies on the planet, while likewise learning the qualities and convictions my nation is grounded on, I see Angela Merkel as very intriguing pioneer to contemplate. Angela Merkel (conceived Angela Dorothea Kasner), was conceived in Hamburg, Germany on July 17, 1954. Angela was brought up in East Germany where she later got Associates degree in 1973. Soon after, she enlisted to the Karl Marx University where she later met and wedded Ulrich Merkel. She graduates with a lone ranger and proceeds onto her PhD in Science at the Central organization for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. We will compose a custom article test on Angela Merkel or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page By 1986 she got her PhD which is likewise that year she returns to West Germany just because since she was infant. It was the numerous years in West Germany, brimming with socialism and hardships, that instructed Merkel how solid and incredible government could be. Merkel was resolved to utilize capacity to serve the individuals not use it to control them. As opposed to mentioning to them what they needed hear, she instructed them to take care of the political issue. An academic physicist with practically no enthusiasm for legislative issues rose to the highest point of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) known as a moderate, male arranged, conventional ideological group. I accept the keys to her prosperity incorporate things, for example, her childhood alongside her enthusiasm and desire. Brought by a pastor up in socialist East Germany, Merkel had a childhood like no other. A spot where the economy was broken where assets and merchandise where lacking. Merkel and her family were continually being viewed upon by the Statsi. The Statsi was a security insight arrange that comprised of 100,000 full time representatives with 300,000 sources enrolled to keep an eye on the residents who may be rebellious. Inside this condition Merkel figured out how to hush up about her genuine contemplations and keep her hidden and political world separate in dread of the Statsi. Desire is putting it mildly. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the greatest eye opener and extraordinary occasion in Merkels life; going from somebody who took no specific enthusiasm for legislative issues to battling for opportunity and rights, practically over night. The day after Merkel was confirmed as chancellor Merkel burned through no time and caused trips the world over gathering to up with pioneers in plans to frame coalitions. Her first stop was Paris where she met with President Jacques Chirac where her objective was to underline the significance of their relationship. Next she met with security general Jaap de Hoop of the NATO. The NATO was a union between 26 nations where the assault on one nation prompts the assault on all nations. Merkel knew how significant this union was to Germany. Merkel got back to meet the President of Pohomba of Namibia just to leave not long after to the United States to meet President Bush. Merkel was respected her ceaseless, yearning, organizing. â€Å"She put her dependability to truth in front of steadfastness to the party†-Merkel’s put genuineness and truth on the highest point of her qualities. At the point when German chancellor Helmut Kohl conceded his blame to accepting unlawful case commitments, Merkel was not frightened to censure Kohl in an open bulletin. Her coach, the man who began Merkel in governmental issues in her eyes was currently the man who sold out a trust and should never again be pioneer. Her genuineness is the way Merkel got individuals to follow her as a pioneer. Albeit some felt she had betrayed Kohl, numerous Germans applauded her trustworthiness. She had demonstrated to the individuals that reality matters and that she remains behind it. Some other time that Merkel wasn’t frightened to hold fast and just going to bat for what’s morally right was back in secondary school. In Germany instructors calm exacting and at one point she had an educator that would rebuff the whole class if an introduction contrasted even marginally from what the educator advised them to do. Where it counts inside Merkel realized that the understudies put in outrageous exertion into the introductions and that this issue was not kidding to such an extent that the understudies could all be removed from school. In the wake of disclosing the circumstance to her folks, Merkel composed an appeal which she likewise introduced to some GDR authorities. Merkels class was spared; the educator was later taught. I describe her initiative style as one that depends on morals and ethics while additionally being exceptionally immediate. She is both undertaking focused just as relationship arranged. Merkel centers around the business main job while putting extraordinary accentuation connections and networking†¦ â€Å"I don’t think it bode well to go all around and around contending about this emergency. We need to oversee it. Yet, that’s something we can just do along with our neighbors, our accomplices, the huge ones and the little ones. I think Germany is ordained, halfway because of its geographic situation, to be a go between and adjusting factor. † From this announcement I feel as if Merkel is immediate and to the point-there is no reason for belligerence, let’s take care of business. Simultaneously Merkel puts accentuation on pioneer part relations. Past chancellor Schroeder was known for his luxurious sleigh rides with Russian President Putin alongside a reluctance to push Putin on troublesome issues. Merkel wasn’t taking sleigh rides; she was offering a unique expression In light of her position Merkel has real force and ordinarily utilizes sound influence. She can impact others utilizing something of significant worth giving her prize force. Merkels certificate in science gives her master power and throughout the years has picked up association power through ceaseless systems administration and correspondence. â€Å"I am, I think, bold at the unequivocal second. However, I need a decent arrangement of start-up time, and I attempt to take however much as could be expected into thought previously. † Merkel puts a lot of time considering an issue and gives close consideration to detail when settling on a choice. When taking a gander at a policy centered issue, she sees all sides and attempts to comprehend it consistently. Merkel doesn't pass by â€Å"hunches† yet discovers what others think (particularly applies). She contemplates an issue cautiously and doesn't settle on â€Å"right off the back† choices. While some may of took a gander at it as unpracticed, Merkels mental fortitude stood apart at the 2006 G8-Summit. The G8 Summit incorporates pioneers from France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom and the United States, that year occurring in Russia. One thing that was not â€Å"appropriate† during the G8 Summit was to reprimand the host. In addition to the fact that Merkel questioned Russia on their appointive framework asserting its deficiencies, she additionally vocalized that she didn't need the petroleum gas from Russia to get upset once more; she required vitality security for Europe to be guaranteed and made sure about. Merkel had stood out as truly newsworthy and made her imprint. Merkel has not prepared a replacement however is the replacement of Gerhard Schroder. Schroeder was to a greater degree a Democrat while Merkel is a Republican. She is an anticommunist that needs there to be a greater job for personal business and less job of the administration. Schroeder accepted that the administration must be a controller in organizations and that little changes to approach would bring Germanys level of competiveness up. Contrasted with her forerunner, Merkel felt government expected to escape the method of business and that assessments ought to be streamlined potentially with a level rate. So as to diminish Germanys blasting shortfall, Schroeder cut standardized savings installments a joblessness benefits. Merkel then again found that expanding the VAT (esteem included expense) from 16%-18% was progressively fruitful. Another significant distinction between the two was their perspectives on the war. While Schroeder was against the war, he aligned himself with France and condemned the Bush organization. Merkel saw the war as honorable and right experiencing childhood in a nation without opportunity she realized precisely how valuable it was. She disclosed Germany expected to quit slamming America and that her organization will have more amicable relations with America. A picture of German princess conceived Sophie Augusta Fredrika, (later known as Russian ruler Catherine the Great) holds tight the divider in Merkels office. Sophie wedded the 17-year-old grandson of Peter the Great and was delegated Catherine II. Catherine was the longest decision and most famous female pioneer of Russia. The Catherinian Era was here and there alluded to as the Golden Era as she expanded Russian domain and rearranged law organization. Catherine drove Russia into full support in the social and political existence of Europe. In September 2006 Merkel bested the â€Å"World’s Most Powerful Woman† list by Forbes Magazine. Examiners guarantee her quality was her â€Å"unassuming and vigorous networking†. Pioneers far and wide, for example, Jacques Chirac, Tony Blair, and Vladimir Putin were totally intrigued by Merkel winning the esteem of individuals around the world. Different honors got by Merkel include: * Vision for Europe grant 2006 * Recognition of â€Å"Dama de Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italian† by Italian president 2006 * Honorary doctorate from Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2007 * Chalemagne Prize 2008 * Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 200

People Should Continue to Use Animal Testing Free Essays

The circumstance and condition of creature testing is very well in current. It is a constructive and productive approach to help individuals inquiring about and attempting in various types of expert fields, for example, drugs, logical innovations, food added substances, GM food, human practices, clone and organ transplantation. Truth be told, there are no individuals and even outlandish discover another path rather than creature testing, on the grounds that people’s inquires about need to utilize lives to test. We will compose a custom exposition test on Individuals Should Continue to Use Animal Testing or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now In this manner, people’s process without creature testing that will hinder the world’s improvement and will be eccentric. Human is the basic existence of the world, and individuals should keep on utilizing creature testing for human turn of events. There are amounts of fruitful cases about people’s creations rely upon creature testing before. For example, individuals designed radar framework through bats’ testing, made cloning innovation through sheep’s testing and made plane through dragonflies’ testing. As a matter of fact, the people’s procedure history is equivalent to utilizing creature testing history which the early creature testing is generally pertinent to nourishments and medications. Individuals would attempt to test the nourishments and medications whether is harmful or not. It guessed that the individuals forget about the creature testing rather than individuals testing. Further more, in current society, it despite everything needs to clinical preliminaries as indicated by present advances, with the goal that the creature testing is exceptionally encouraging and should keep on utilizing. Individuals are bound to utilize white mice to test, there are four basic reasons. Right off the bat, white mice breed cycle rapidly, ease and are unadulterated line. Besides, the affectability of the different improvements of white mice are solid and effectively marker. Thirdly, since white mouse qualities are near human qualities. Fourthly, the nature of rodents is little, so the medication or wonder in its body can be speedier showcase. The four reasons can productive legitimize that creature testing is the most rapidly, successfully, effectively and securely way. Whatever creature testing had delivered the incredible commitments of human advancement, there are as yet different resistances which consider that creature testing is deceptive, unfeeling, and risky. It is false notion that the individuals who are object creature testing, since they don't know to the immense improvement and prevail to the world through creature testing. In the interim, it sounds that ludicrous that the individuals whose lives are identified with creature testing and shared the accomplishments through creature testing, yet they are restricted the creature testing. There is no uncertainty that individuals should keep on utilizing creature testing. With the creature testing, individuals can improve a real existence. Individuals ought to value the creatures which face a challenge rather than human. Subsequently, individuals should keep on creature testing to propel the world advancement and come back to the commitment of endless animals’ lives. The most effective method to refer to People Should Continue to Use Animal Testing, Essays

Latin America And The World Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin America And The World - Term Paper Example Brazil Latin Americans give a ton of significance to their families and connections. Customarily the families use to have male head and astringent man centric structure where men use to have all the â€Å"say† and final say regarding the choices. Be that as it may, after the autonomy when numerous male family heads were either executed or detained, females took the charge of the families. Montilla, a Brazilian creator said that: The customary thought where the spouse remains at home and the husband works are not regular any longer, both of them are working. It's not negative much of the time. Many appreciate the space. At the point when they meet up they reconnect in an amazing way.† Mexico In the film; Camila, coordinated by Maria Luisa Bemberg, the character of Camila portrayed the circumstance of 1984 in Latin America. It was when Catholic convictions in the hands of male specialists were stifling the presence of females. It was a stage taken to break the solid roofs that utilization to exist in the brains of Latin Americans. Camila turned into the voice of ladies of that opportunity to save their privileges and benefits. It was a strong inquiry posted on clerics and fathers of the places of worship that whether Christianity is against ladies? Is it against female opportunity? Does it not permit a female to take her own choices and in particular imagine a scenario in which guys take wrong choices, are will undoubtedly be obeyed and can a lady speak more loudly against it. The radiant bit of mysterious authenticity where otherworldly is so deliberately mixed with normal, Like Water for Chocolate, is composed by Laura Esquivel.

How Alcohol Weakens Body Defenses Against Illness

How Alcohol Weakens Body Defenses Against Illness Addiction Alcohol Use Print How Alcohol Weakens Body Defenses Against Illness By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 23, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 04, 2019 © Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Chronic drinkers may appear to be healthy, but if they do become ill or injured, they may find it more difficult to heal. Alcohol consumption places stress on the hormone system and alters the bodys immune function. A Salk Institute study of laboratory animals found that long-term alcohol consumption can harm the bodys ability to respond to stressors like illness or injury. Too much alcohol can cause you to get sick by weakening your bodys defenses, the researchers claim. Catherine Rivier, a professor at the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., examined the effects of alcohol on the stress response in laboratory rats. One group of rats was exposed to alcohol vapors, while another, normal population of rats served as a control group. Fight or Flight Reaction The rats were exposed to alcohol vapors for six hours a day for eight days. All of the rats were then exposed to two types of stressors â€" an electric shock and injection of a toxin and their hormonal levels were observed. The stress response, also known as the fight-or-flight reaction, is initiated in a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, which is seated deep in the center of the brain. When the body is exposed to a stressor, the hypothalamus releases hormones called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin (VP). These two hormones travel to the pituitary gland, causing the secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), Rivier reported. ACTH then goes into the bloodstream and causes the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids. These chemicals cause the redirection of nutrients, like glucose, to the areas of the body that are under stress. Stress Can Bring on Sickness In the control rats, hormone levels remained normal and as expected. In the alcohol group, levels of CRF and VP and cellular response in the hypothalamus were greatly decreased. If CRF levels are low, the bodys responses will probably not be adequate during periods of stress, Rivier said. CRF is absolutely central to our stress response. Stress can bring on sickness by altering the bodys immune function, as when students get sick during an exam or when people have a death in the family, said Dipak Sarkar, professor, and chair of the department of animal sciences at Rutgers. Consequences of Drinking Alcohol Rivier said she would like to perform related research on alcohol-preferring rats, rats that drink alcohol voluntarily. Past studies have shown differences in the brains of rats who drank alcohol voluntarily and those who, like the rats in this study, were given alcohol without a choice. Most of what we and others have found regarding the consequences of alcohol have been found to occur in humans too, she said.

Pricing Options Using Binomial And Trinomial Methods - Free Essay Example

Published in the 1970s, the Black-Scholes-Merton model provided an entirely new definition for the financial option market, half a century later the Binomial tree option pricing model was published, and that is the true key that allows the option market to be generalized to the world. Based upon the Binomial model, the Trinomial option pricing model was built to reduce possible errors and persons thus expected it to be a better approach. Still how much better is the Trinomial model, and is it worth spending the time on calculations? These will be the key comparisons provided in this dissertation. The comparisons are based upon computer calculating time used, and approximation error. An illustrative example is used to build the data base for further comparison of the convergence speed of these two models. All the values are calculated using the Matlab program and Casio calculators in order to provide examples of the assumption that the Trinomial option pricing model is a better model in reducing the approximation error, but takes much longer than the Binomial tree model to get the results. Chapter 1 introduction The emergence of financial derivatives in the 1970s marked a highly significant and exciting event in the history of finance. Options trading began in the United States and European markets in the late eighteenth century, and over the last 20 years, options played a key role in all financial derivatives. The option price was an old question for the financial world. Back in the 1900s Louis Bachelier published his academic dissertation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ThÃÆ' ©orie de la speculationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Theory of Speculation), which became known by the public as the milestone of modern finance. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“random walk theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, which built a random model of the stock priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s changing pattern and how it follows in the stock market, was first applied in his paper. In 1964, Paul Samuelson (Nobel Prize in Economic Science winner) revised L.Bachelierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model, and instead of the stock price he used stock returns to eliminate the negative figu res which might occur in L.Bachelierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model. Based upon this new model P.Samuelson also studied the Call Option pricing problem, and built a pricing equation for it. Although the equation was quite a beauty to watch, it could not be used in real world dealings since two of the main factors depended upon the investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal predilection. Futures and options are traded actively on many exchanges throughout the world. Before any certain systematization models of the option had been created it was impossible for people to evaluate any kind of option price in a common way. Any approximations of the price based traderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal experience would well likely result in mistakes. The only method to maximize the good of the option price would be to build a standard and systematization model and find the quantification of the option trading. This was an important event in the financial world at that time. Since the emergent of optio n trading, and especially of securities options trade, researchers have been busy in the studies of options pricing. In 1973, Fischer Black and Myron Scholes published à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? at the University of Chicago, where they presented the famous Black-Scholes model for options pricing (B-S model for short). They derived a partial differential equation, which governs the price of the option over time. Once it has been published, the B-S model received strong responses and gained a breakthrough in this field. While some researchers conducted thorough tests on the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accuracy, many others presented various opinions on the problems in the model and expanded on them for the purposes of improvement and extension. Because of this glary partial differential equation and all of the contribution that it had created, M.Scholes and R.Merton (F.Black was deceased) both won the Nobel Prize for Economics. In 1 979, Cox, Ross and Rubinstein published a paper called Option Pricing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Simplified Approachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, and in a simple manner obtained the pricing formula using the Binomial model, which was applied widely. This is the event that really changed the option trading market because it made option trading more transparent to most traders, and advanced the improvement of the market. During the option, the trading market developed more and more different sorts of option models, with the most famous and widely used models being the European option and American option. As these two options were named, they were mainly applied in Europe and America and the main difference between the two options is when the option will be fulfilled (I will fully explain this at a later stage). The Binomial option pricing model is essentially a Binomial Tree which shows possible values that an underlying asset or stock initial stock price can take, and the resulting value of the option pr ice at each individual stage of the asset. The main idea of the tree is constructed by assuming that the stock can only go up or down by a factor related to the length of time period, and volatility of the stock. Trinomial model was developed by Prelim Boyle in 1986; it is an adjusted and improved version of the Binomial Tree. Instead of assuming the stock can only go up or down, the Trinomial Tree allows a third choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the stock remains constant. Compared to the Binomial and Trinomial tree model, the Black-Scholes model is a more mathematical and theoretical model: V = SN (d1) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" N (d2) (Will be explained at later stage) Although the binomial option pricing model and trinomial tree values converge on the Black-Scholes formula value as the number of time steps increases. With these two simplified methods the option pricing theory and option market became more generalized and easier for the public. With the time flows, the option market began to prevail all over the world, and therefore more and more specific different types of options were created to adapt to the disparate country. In this dissertation I will mainly study and present the relation and difference between the Black-Scholes model, the Binomial Option Pricing model and the Trinomial Tree model, in both a mathematical and financial way. Chapter 1: This chapter is mainly about the Black-Scholes modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s differential equation, including every valuable deduction I provide a few interesting examples to give a straight forward view of this method. Chapter 2: In this chapter I will explore the Binomial pricing model with European and American options. By presenting the formulas and equations I will study how to calculate the option price and explain some basic financial terms. At the main time I will also compare the results of the Binomial Tree model to the Black-Scholes model. Chapter 3: In this chapter I will demonstrate the Trinomia l model with examples and large amount of figures by using the Matlab software. The European and American options will be compared with the Trinomial model. Chapter 4: In the last chapter in my dissertation I will look at how effectively the Trinomial tree model is improved based on the Binomial model. The Matlab code I wrote will help me process this comparison up to a million steps. This will be my thesis of this dissertation and this project. 1.1 Risk Many of the valuation and risk management principles apply across all financial options. In this section, I will first briefly introduce some basic concepts and features of risk management and financial derivatives, especially the option pricing problems. RiskUncertainty of the result The risks obtained and a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unexpected profit is the same as bringing loss or even damage to a person. In the financial market, risk is ubiquitous with: asset risk (stock), currency risk (exchange rate): credit risk, and so on. There are two ways of facing the risks. Risk Avoidance Risk-taking The process of selecting investments with higher risk in order to profit from an anticipated price movement, is called speculation. Financial derivatives are types of risk management instruments whose payoff depends upon the behaviour of the underlying assets. The most common derivatives are forward contracts, futures and options. Forward contract: A cash market transaction in which delivery of the commodity is deferred until after the contract has been made. Although the delivery is made in the future, the price is determined  on the initial trade date. The party agreeing to buy the underlying asset in the future is called a long position, and the party agreeing to sell the asset in the future is called a short position. The value of a forward position at maturity depends upon the relationship between the delivery price (K) and the underlying price (ST) at that time. For a long position this payoff is: fT = ST à ¢Ã‹â€  K For a short position, it is: fT = K à ¢Ã‹â€  ST Forward contract is normally traded over-the counter, OTC. Futures contracts are very similar to forward contracts, except they are not exchange-traded or the contract is standardized, and thus does not have the interim partial payments due to marking to market. Before studying the Binomial Tree method, I will look at what options are. 1.2Options An option is a derivative financial instrument that gives the buyer or holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying financial asset or commodity. The buyer of the option gains the right, but not the obligation, to engage in some specific transaction on the asset. An option which conveys the right to buy something is called a call option, and an option which has the right to sell is called a put option. The reference price at which the underlying may be traded is called the exercise price or strike price. Most options have an expiration date. The process of activating an option is called exercise. If the option is not exercised by the expiration date, it becomes void and worthless. The options and related concepts can be classified into the following types: 1. Exchange-traded options Exchange-traded options (also called listed options) are a class of exchange-traded derivatives. Exchange traded options have standardized contracts, and are set tled through a clearing house with fulfillment guaranteed by the credit of the exchange. Since the contracts are standardized, accurate pricing models are often available. Exchange-traded options include:[4][5] stock options, commodity options, bond options and other interest rate options stock market index options or, simply, index options and options on futures contracts callable bull/bear contract 2. Over-the-counter Over-the-counter options (OTC options, also called dealer options) are traded between two private parties, and are not listed on an exchange. The terms of an OTC option are unrestricted and may be individually tailored to meet any business need. In general, at least one of the counterparties to an OTC option is a well-capitalized institution. Option types commonly traded over the counter include: Interest rate options Currency cross rate options, and Option on swaps or swaptions. 3. Option styles Some options with complex financ ial structures are called exotic options, and these include: Barrier option any option with the general characteristic that the underlying securitys price must pass a certain level or barrier before it can be exercised. Double barrier option-A double barrier option involves a mechanism where if either of two limit prices is crossed by the underlying, the option either can be exercised or can no longer be exercised. Cumulative Parisian barrier option à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"A cumulative Parisian barrier option involves a mechanism where if the total amount of time the underlying asset value has spent above or below a limit price, the option can be exercised or can no longer be exercised. Standard Parisian barrier option-A standard Parisian barrier option involves a mechanism where if the maximum amount of time the underlying asset value has spent consecutively above or below a limit price, the option can be exercised or can no longer be exercised. Binary option-A binary opt ion pays a fixed amount or nothing at all, depending on the price of the underlying instrument at maturity. An Asian option is an option where the payoff is not determined by the underlying price at maturity but by the average underlying price over some pre-set period of time. Bermudan option an option that may be exercised only on specified dates on or before expiration. For a cleaner view, I summarized various types of options in to a table below: standard of classification Types of options Option buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right Call option and put option Excises time of option buyers. European option and American option intrinsic value In the money options, out of the money options and at the Money options Trading place Exchange-traded options and OTC options(Over-the-counter) Structures of options exotic options and vanilla options Margin of option. Unsecured and secured options There are two main reasons why investors would use options: to reduce risk and to gain more profit such as to speculate and to hedge. These will be discussed later. There are two main types of options, one is the European option the other is American option. The European option can only be exercised on the expiry date, while the American options may be exercised at any time before or on the expiry date. Assume k is the strike price; T is the expiry date, and the payoffs Vt: Vt = (St-K) + (call option) Vt= (K-St) + (put option) In this case, S is the spot price of the underlying asset. (t=T) Next, I will discuss the option pricing problems. Options are a type of bond derivative; its price depends upon the movement of underlying assets. The change of price of underlying assets is random because it is a kind of risk asset. Once the price of underlying assets is confirmed, then the option price can be confirmed too. This is saying that at the time the price of the underlying asset is St, the option price w ill be Vt and there exists function V(S, t) so that Vt= (St, t). At the expiry date, the value of option VT is the payoffs. VT = (ST-K) + (call option) VT= (K-ST) + (put option) The option pricing problem is to calculate V=V(S, t), (0, V(S, T) = Especially when t=0, and let the stock price is S0, what is the premium? p=V (S0, 0) =? Therefore, the option pricing problem is a working backward problem. 1.3 Types of investors. Now, I will look at three types of people in the stock market Hedger: An individual who enters into hedging trades. Hedging is a way of reducing risk. Hedgers want to avoid exposure to adverse movements in the price of an asset. For example: A Chinese company needs to pay a British supplier one million pounds after 90days.The company is facing the risk of fluctuation of exchange rate. If there is a big exchange-rate rise, this will affect its anticipated profit because of the extra cost. If the exchange rate is 12.5 Yuan / pound. The company considers two Hedging plans in view of the probability that the exchange rate may rise. Plan 1. Buy a forward contract stated to use 12625000 Yuan to purchase one million pounds after 90days. Plan 2. Buy a call option contract stated to use 12500000 Yuan to purchase one million pounds after 90days and pay a 250000 Yuan premium (as 2%). I now list the two hedging strategies in the table below: Spot exchange rate (Yu an/pound) 90dayslater exchange rate(Yuan/pound) Without hedging Forward contract Purchase call option contract 12.5 Increase to13 13million Yuan 12,625,000 Yuan 12,750,000 Yuan Decrease to12 12million Yuan 12,625,000 Yuan 12,250,000yuan According to the statistics provided, it can be seen that there will be extra costs when the exchange rate rises if the company does not use any hedging strategies. The costs are fixed after90days if they choose the forward contract but they may miss the chance that if the exchange rate goes down, they will gain from unforeseen profit .Meanwhile the company will prevent extra costs (rise in exchange rate) and gain profits (decrease in exchange) if they choose to purchase the call options contract, but they have to pay the premium. Speculator: An individual who is taking a position in the market. Usually the individual is betting that the price of an asset will go up or that the price of an asset will go down. Options like futures provide a form of leverage. For a given investment, the use of options magnifies the financial consequences. Good outcomes become very good, while bad outcomes may cause the whole initial investment being lost. For example, assume the stock price of X at 30th of April is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡666. The stock price may go up in August, and there are two investment strategies that investors may take. Investors spend à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡666000 cash on 1000 shares of stocksà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ º Investors purchase a call option contract which ends on 22nd of August: strike price is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡680, 1000shares, assume investors paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡39000 premium for that. We now analyze the investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment return in two different situations. (Ignore the interest rate) Case 1.If the stock price rises up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡730 on 22nd August. For strategy A: The investor sells stocks on 22nd August to get à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡730000 in cash. Return = (730000 -666000)/666000=9.6% For strategy B: The investor exercises his option and gets profit: Profit=730000-680000=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡50000 Return = (50000-39000)/39000 Case 2.If the stock price drop to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡660 instead of rise on 22nd August. Strategy A: Loss =666000-660000=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡6000 Return= (660000-666000)/666000 Strategy B: The investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profit is=0 He will lose à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡39000, and the percentage loss is 100%. Arbitrageur à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An individual engaging in arbitrage. Arbitrage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A trading strategy that takes advantage of two or more securities being mispriced relative to each other. Arbitrage opportunities cannot last for long. As arbitrageurs interfere in the market, the forces of supply and demand will bring the market back to equilibrium. Therefore, in my project most of the arguments concern financial derivatives such as option prices, and, forward contracts will be based on the assumption th at no arbitrage opportunities exist. 1.4 The Black Scholes Merton model There are seven important assumptions we use to derive the Black Scholes Model: It assumes that percentage changes in the stock price in a short period of time are normally distributed. It is defined as expected return on stock per year and as volatility of the stock price per year. This assumption suggests returns on the underlying stock are normally distributed, which is reasonable for most assets that offer options. It is possible to buy and sell any amount of stock, this includes short selling. There are no transactions costs , taxes or other fees. The stock pays no dividends during the options life. There are no arbitrage opportunities. Markets are efficient and Security trading is continuous. The risk free interest rate is constant and known.(

Isolation And The American Dream - 1022 Words

Brianna Kalman Ms. Creveling English III CP 5/4/2016 Isolation and The American Dream What is Isolation? Isolation is the act of separating something from other things. Some may relate isolation to a disease or as to just being a â€Å"loner†. To feel isolated and lonely you feel like there is no hope, no future, no dreams or goals in store for you. Which in John Steinbeck’s novel Of The Mice and Men, shows all throughout in the characters. The novel takes place in Soledad, which Steinbeck describes as a very depressing environment, especially since the characters and migrant workers are being faced with dealing with The Dust Bowl and Great Depression. Another aspect of isolation is shown through the characters is the idea of the American Dream. Steinbeck hints to us that even through hard work and prosperity, it is unattainable which is represented through every character during this vulnerable period. Going further with The American Dream, that is all Forrest strived for in the film Forrest Gump. Forrest’s three important goals he strived for wa s to be loyal, help as many people as he could while still fulfilling his dreams, and to be non-judgemental. Unfortunately Forrest is very familiar with being judged and feeling unaccepted, being that when he was younger he had trouble walking and needed assistance which resulted in being bullied. Portraying throughout both the novel and the film, The American Dream and Isolation play a major role. In the novel Of Mice and Men,Show MoreRelatedNeuman Malik. Ms. Vritsios. Eng3Uo. Apace Behold Dives.1550 Words   |  7 PagesMartel are great novels which share common themes. The main characters of the novels are Gatsby and Pi, they share common goals. Gatsby and Pi go through isolation and put out love with hope to achieve the American dream. Gatsby and Pi are characters who never give up in achieving their goals. â€Å"Inside every rich man is a poor kid that followed his dreams.† Quote by Sandile Shezi. Shezi as a child used to sell muffins on the street, now at twenty-three years old he is a self-made millionaire. Shezi isRead MoreOf Mice and Men Expository Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribes the chase of the American Dream. Although achieving the American Dream is a great desire for all, seldom does it actually come true. George and Lennie, the two main characters in the book, have a goal of pursuing their version of the American Dream, as do many other characters. However, due to relationships and other conflicts, that dream is not achieved. Almost immediately, Steinback poses the question of whether or not companionship leads to failure of the American Dream. For example, GeorgeRead MoreThe American Dream1179 Words   |  5 Pagesobstacles that stand in the way of that ambition, reveal the impossibility of the American Dream, while the loneliness and isolation of the members of the ranch offer a true insight into the nature of human existence, especially when the weaknesses of the characters cause them to destroy those more vulnerable. Characters such as Crooks offered the readers an insight into the discrimination and segregation in American society, where, unlike the others, he is isolated and treated differently based onRead MoreCandy Character Analysis1113 Words   |  5 Pagesloneliness through every page in because it is shown in both central, and in particularly, secondary characters. Being one of the oldest and unpopular workers, Candy is always haunted by his solitude. Crooks, also a minor character, experie nces with isolation on physical and mental levels. Loneliness is continuously shown in the role of Curleys wife. The two main characters of this book are, George and Lennie; direct opposites, but they still have a strong relationship between each other throughout theRead MoreAnalysis Of Mice And Men 1390 Words   |  6 PagesEnd Of Year Exam English by Jamali Blair Soledad; salubrious and like paradise in terms of setting but the complete opposite for its friendless, despondent characters who are sick of their provincial lives. Loneliness is the feeling of isolation and no hope or dreams in your life-which is what Steinbeck achieves by portraying this theme effectively through key fictional characters in Of Mice and Men. By living in the town of ‘Soledad’ (Spanish for loneliness), the audience gets an overwhelming senseRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech752 Words   |  4 PagesUpon the arrival of August 28, 1963 At the Lincoln Commemoration 200,000 individuals accumulated after the Walk on Washington. This is the place Dr. Martin Luther conveyed his discourse I Have a Dream to America. He talked about the treacheries of isolation and separation of African Americans that was occurring in our country. In his first explanation he stated, I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the great est demonstration for freedom in the history of our nationRead MoreThe American Dream927 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream The development of urban communities, and their consequent rot because of a free enterprise request took after by endeavors to reestablish city life alongside a departure of those with means and/or fitting skin color helped by arrangement instruments. With the racial isolation got as a result (or perhaps item) of the chain of occasions would compress the appointed readings more or less. To expand from Dolores Hayden s From the Ideal City to the Dream House the JeffersonianRead MoreThe American Gothic in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe1539 Words   |  7 Pagesnew genre of literature in America; the American Gothic. Already a popular genre in Europe, this new strain of literature in America arose to create a rather abrupt contrast to the Enlightenment foundations upon which American was born. Instead of concerning subjects of liberty and the pursuit of happiness; key elements of the American dream, American Gothic literature embodies and gives voice to the dark nightmare that is the underside of the American dream (Savoy, 2003, pg. 167) Although containingRead MoreHeadphones : The Isolation Phenomenon870 Words   |  4 Pages Headphones: The Isolation Phenomenon One of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in the United States, was the Exclusion Act of 1882. The law was intended to prohibit the migration of Chinese Laborers, which isolated the Chinese people from Americans. In the 21st century, inventers have developed advanced headphones that enables the consumer to listen to different forms of media from different states and countries while simultaneously isolating them from the present world aroundRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1243 Words   |  5 PagesLoneliness is an emotion of isolation and no hope or dreams in life, which is what John Steinbeck achieves by portraying this through the characters in his novella Of Mice and Men. The main characters are affected by loneliness in their own different way throughout the novella. rf The loneliness is maintained by the challenges that the characters have to face, and they sustain those challenges of being inhumane towards each other. Crook, a figure in the story who experiences discrimination encounters

The Black Codes And The Civil War - 1461 Words

With the Union victory in the Civil War in 1865, millions of slaves were given their freedom. Although these millions of slaves are now free, the rebuilding on the South during the Reconstruction introduced many obstacles. These obstacles include sharecropping, tenant farming, the â€Å"black codes†, and not to forget the lack of education and rights African Americans had at the time. Sharecropping is consisted of a slave renting land from a white man and having to give up a portion of their crops at the end of each year. The black codes were basically laws against what type of labor African Americans can be given. In the state of South Carolina, blacks were only able to work as farmers or servants; the same jobs these free people worked as slaves. After decades of slavery, blacks were still under the control of the white people due to lack of education and rights. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation freed all African Americans that lived in rebel states. For years, only the rebel states had free African Americans, however, after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment freed all slaves, no matter where they were. Of course, after years of slavery, whites were not used to having free African Americans around them, creating a hostile environment. One former slave, Houston Holloway wrote, â€Å"For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them† (African American Odyssey 1). During the final months of theShow MoreRelatedThe Black Codes And The Civil War1705 Words   |  7 Pagesword was at the tip of almost everyone’s tongue, only it came with many names. After the civil war, slavery became more pronounced for the black people. The south then thought something ought to be done and passed laws called the black codes which begun the limitation of blacks’ rights and separated them from the whites; white supremacy began. Before, these laws would have been unnecessary because most of the black people were slaves and they were already segregated in public places like schools andRead MoreThe Civil War And The American War Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe war with the most death of Americans was not the World Wars, Cold War, Vietnam War or Korean War, but the Civil War. The Civil War is one of the most monumental moments in the United States that threaten the stability of the Union. The United States was split into two opposing sides, the Union and the Confederates, with opposing ideas; Americans pinned against one another in combat for their ideals and goals. The Civil War has multiple causes, but the most renowned reason was the abolishmentRead MoreBlack Codes And Jim Crow944 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Codes and Jim Crow â€Å"For the next several decades, at least, we will suffer this racial future of colorblind white dominance† Ian Haney-Là ³pez argues in his book White by Law, however America today, though colorblind as America may be, is in a much better place than the times of the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws. These laws restricted the freedoms of African Americans living in the United States that just became free men and women after the turn of the Civil War. The Black Codes were laws passedRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War859 Words   |  4 Pagesrespectively. Naturally, Americans denoted these momentous legislative feats, collectively packaged as the Reconstruction Amendments, as a means of celebration for African-Americans. However, in order to rectify the extensive damage that the American Civil War caused on the South’s infrastructure, labor systems, and economy, white Americans went to extreme lengths via the legal system in order to mimic the antebellum practices of slavery in the South. As newly freed African-Americans sought to exerciseRead MoreThe Freedom And Full Citizenship Of All African Americans907 Words   |  4 Pagesof this the south seceded and formed the confederate states of America. Shortly after, the civil war begun with the attack on fort Sumter and more southern states seceded. During the civil war Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation that freed all the slaves in the states that secede d, this was the first step to the freedom and full citizenship of all African Americans. During the time of the civil war and reconstruction period constitutional and social developments moderately influenced a revolutionRead MoreConstitutional Developments During The Period Between 1860 And 1877 Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthe period between 1860 and 1877, many major changes occurred in America. There were many constitutional developments in this time period, which include the Emancipation Proclamation, the Civil War, and newly added Amendments. There were also many social developments included the Ku Klux Klan and voting of black people. Some of these developments were a revolution, which is a forcible overthrow of the government or social order in favor of a new system, and some were not. The constitutional developmentsRead MoreIn What Ways Were the Byzantine and Islamic Civilizations Different from Civilizations Developing in Western Europe? in What Ways Are They Similar?984 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: The Black Codes of the South Although this book is titled, â€Å"The Black Codes of the South,† the writer begins his story discussing slavery, then leads up to emancipation, where four million slaves were freed. The freedom of slaves brought about the enactment of the Black Codes in the southern states. Interestingly, the writer includes newspaper sources from the South, as well as the North, excerpts from various plantation owners ‘diaries, notices and laws. The Black Codes came to fruitionRead MoreEssay about The History of the American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil war, also know as the War Between the States, was a bloody war to end slavery. It all started with eleven states seceding from the Union to form their own nation to be able to enslave the African American. The eleven states formed the Confederate States of America, also known as Confederacy, under their president Jefferson Davis. The Civil war came about in 1861 as the North wanted stop the eleven southern st ates from seceding and forming their own nation just so they can upholdRead MoreAfrican American Oppression Following The Civil War875 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Oppression Following the Civil War Following The Civil War, close to four million slaves were freed, but they were still faced with the systematic oppression of their past. Due to President Johnson’s support of state’s rights, many white southerners were able to place authority over newly freed slaves by establishing Black Codes, the KKK, and segregation. The new freedoms gained by African Americans following the civil war were insignificant because white superiority was heavilyRead MoreThe Challenges African Americans Faced in America963 Words   |  4 Pagesinflammatory issue between the northern and southern states, which would lead to the Civil War. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln had a view that slaves should be free to live their own lives. President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in an effort to abolish slavery nationwide. After the Civil War was over, it did not end the oppression of African Americans. For a number of decades following the war, African Americans will face a tremendous amount of racism, prejudice and oppression

Airport Information Systems - 828 Words

Today most airports are facing problem in challenges that lie in the ability to respond to respond to the growing requirements of the many departments involved in operation, statistical and financial information. In order to have different department contained with in an airport working in harmony they must link and integrate their resources, people, equipment, facilities and information access the airport’s local and work area network Airport management system has proven to increase financial resources by dramatically increasing airport efficiency and ensuring that all aircrafts movement and services are invoiced correctly. A typical airport management system with information flowing between a central database connected to the†¦show more content†¦The relevant boarding passes are then issued, and the Guests can check their luggage in, and proceed through security to the departure gate area.. AFIDS 2001 - FLIGHT INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEMS Through TFT LCD displays and browser-based technology, AFIDS 2001 accurately display flight-related information to travelers, airline staff, retailers and ground staff.It also includes information regarding baggage and passengers. Information can be shown at check-in desks, arrival and departure areas and baggage carousels. Arrival and departure information can also be uploaded to the airports web site in exactly the same format that is being displayed within the airport. [pic] ATCAS - ATC ADMINISTRATION AND OVERFLIGHT BILLING The Air Traffic Control Administration System (ATCAS) allows air traffic control to share information with other airport departments. This information can then be used for correct allocation of stands or air bridges. It can also be used to create the mandatory statistics required by some government agencies including the National Air Traffic Service (NATS). The ATCAS includes a link to AFTN and other ATC systems such as flight strip printing, and it can also allow for over flight billing through and within the FIR. E-BOARDING PASSENGER SECURITY SYSTEMS As more and more carriers allow passengers to check-in on the web, airport security staff require a system to thoroughly checkShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Airport Information Systems Between Civilian And Military Airports1412 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is a significant need for the use of Airport Information systems between civilian and military airports, a correlation research study is planned. Information will be compared from Class B military and civilian airports in three regions in the United States that average similar air traffic. The dependent variables are airports whose systems that do not allow to process information efficiently. Information systems are integral part of how airports are run efficiently and safely and it variesRead MoreCase 1: How Fedex Works: Enterprise System2951 Words   |  12 PagesCase 1: How FedEx Works: Enterprise System 1. Question 1: List the business processes displayed in the video. FedEx is a logistical service company specialized in transportation, e-commerce and business services. The success of FedEx lies on an efficient information system. The business process is as follows: A FedEx employee picks up the customer’s box and scans it so FedEx recognizes it. Now the product is registered and traceable. The product is then taken to a sorting center where itRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreCompany: Delta Airline1601 Words   |  7 Pagesproviding enough revenue for the development of different airports and also in air traffic control system. They are also providing different types of devices and scanners for checking the bags and other luggage of the passengers on the airport. List the information systems that are used to automate these processes. The information system of the delta airline is governed at different levels and stages. For managing all the information and data the company is using some E-commerce platformsRead MoreFeatures And Functions Of Information Systems Essay2193 Words   |  9 PagesFeatures and functions of information systems Features Data Data needs to be inputted into an information system so it can be managed and processed. Once processed, the end product is information, this is called an output. Data is generated by all parts of a business but can also be received via external sources. Data must be accurate or else the output information will be wrong. People People are involved in obtaining data and processing it to create information for specific purposes relevant toRead MoreBritish Airways Information System1483 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of this project is explore how information systems helps organisations to make decisions at different levels to achieve set objectives and strategic advantages over competitors .The team carried out research and debate on various companies, and agreed to focus on British Airways. Through literature we found out, that BA is amongst the busiest premium international airlines worldwide, BA operates mainly from Heathrow, London city and Gatwick airports and flies over 35million people to moreRead MoreElectronic Commerce : Global Positioning System2046 Words   |  9 Pagesliterature review we will go through the literature side of all components for all steps required for our project, â€Å"Travel XTream†. Below is a list of the topics required to analyse critically. Electronic Commerce Management Information System Global Positioning System Initial Search and Strategy The inceptive search for literature for this project was very broad and consisted on several topics as mentioned before in the introduction. The strategy for the search was based onRead MoreAnswer This Assignment2239 Words   |  9 PagesMANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMT - MIS (Assignment Questions) Institute of Management Technology Centre for Distance Learning Ghaziabad 2 IMT CENTRE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING GHAZIABAD Distance Learning Programme MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS Notes: a. Write answers in your own words as far as possible and refrain from copying from text books/handouts. b. All answers should be of 200 words. c. Write on one side of the paper. d. Answers of Assignments I, II, III and IV (Case Study)Read MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 PagesChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS? Accounting Information Systems—A Deï ¬ nition Accounting Information Systems and Their Role in Organizations CASE ANALYSES The Annual Report Universal Concrete Products Ross, Sells, and Young, LLP REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READINGS ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF WHAT’S NEW IN ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS? Suspicious Activity Reporting Countering Terrorism Corporate Scandals and AccountingRead MoreJoining804 Words   |  4 PagesTale of Two Airlines - Memorandum.doc Extracts from this document... Introduction Memorandum To: Elizabeth Windsor - Chief Executive Officer From: Martine N Michel - MIS Consultant (SMT-273754-02-08SP1) Management Information Systems) Date: February 17, 2008 Re: Analysis of Situation at London-Based Airlines CONFIDENTIAL As you are aware, there are some opportunities for improvement related to the London-Based airline. I have completed an analysis of a particular situation, based

The Changing of the Guard A Progressive Study of the...

The Changing of the Guard: A Progressive Study of the Privatization of Prisons Abstract Privatization of prisons is not exactly a novel concept. The Federal Government has been contracting out such things as the building of new prisons, the operating of prisons, and providing goods and services to prisons since 2003. Some of the companies that the government trusts to do all of this are Corrections Corporation of America, and The GEO Service Group, formerly known as Wackenhut. Although the government sees this step as a cost cutting measure, this change has not come without its problems also its detractors. Even so, privatization of prisons and the services it takes to operate them seems to be the way of the future for the corrections†¦show more content†¦During the late twentieth century, prisons once again hoped that they could support themselves and possibly even make a profit. The first public facility to be turned over to a private company was a secure treatment center for juvenile offenders that were violent. This transition occurred in 1976, and the number of institutions being run by private companies has increased at a rapid rate since that time. The Changing of the Guard: A Progressive Study of the Privatization of Prisons Statistics show that from 1995 – 2004, the number of inmates that were housed in private prisons rose from 12,534 to 98,791. Approximately seven percent of inmates are now housed in privately operated prisons in the United States. One major reason for the increase in privately operated prisons is that the private sector claimed that they could provide more services and better services at a lower cost than that of state operated prisons. In the 1980s when corrections started operating under the private sector, their claim of more and better for less did not appear to be accurate. According to Charles H. Logan who examined the costs of public versus private corrections in 1990 â€Å"Private prisons will notShow MoreRelatedPrison Reform Topic Paper : Prisons6604 Words   |  27 PagesPrison Reform Topic Paper Submitted By: Toni Nielson - CSU, Fullerton Unique Educational Opportunities Prisons are closed institutions. They are established and funded by governments to hold people against their will, but why punish (Zyl Smit, 2010)? What is the purpose of prison? This fundamental question stirs up a significant amount of debate. The government, citizens, educators, and even prisoners are divided about the right answers. There is disagreement in the US about the purpose ofRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesBUSINESS ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE FAST DEVOUR THE SLOW Our work in helping to increase the profitability of many of the world’s major companies (as well as our database surveys of many other companies) has made it clear that all this complexity has been changing the fundamental dimensions of business strategy and the meaning of its implementation. These changes affect a broad range of decisions, including the following: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  How to invest in technology How to lead meaningful human resourcesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with theRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages119 120 128 136 139 149 153 159 165 167 169 169 170 174 182 188 192 202 214 215 221 223 223 230 236 241 246 248 250 251 255 261 4 Market and environmental analysis 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Learning objectives Introduction: the changing business environment (or the new marketing reality) Analysing the environment The nature of the marketing environment The evolution of environmental analysis The political, economic, social and technological environments Coming to terms with the

Writing Proficiency Free Essays

Abstract The present study investigated the sentence-level errors of freshmen students at three proficiency levels and the aspects of writing that raters focused on while rating the essays. It views errors as valuable information for the following: For teachers, as it clues them on students’ progress; for researchers as it gives them valuable data as to how language is acquired or learned; for learners, as it enables them to reflect on their learning. The data for the present study is based on the data collected for a previous study. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing Proficiency or any similar topic only for you Order Now One hundred fifty essays written by freshmen college students on their first week of classes in five private schools in Metro Manila (30 for each participating school) were collected, word-processed, and subjected to rating and coding or errors. Most of the findings of the present study corroborate the findings of previous studies on error analysis and essay evaluation—that sentence-level errors have a significant role in essay scores. The raters still have the grammar accuracy model when checking essays, although it is just considered secondary to other aspects of writing such as the ability to address the prompt and organize the ideas logically. Introduction Areas of Writing Research Writing teachers and researchers have always set their teaching and research lenses on the variables that describe successful second language writing vis-a-vis unsuccessful writing. Because of this preoccupation, a plethora of research has been undertaken as regards the role of L1 in L2 Writing (Cumming, 1990; Krapels, 1991), L2 writers’ characteristics and proficiency (Hirose Sasaki, 1994; Victori, 1999; Deane et al, 2008), L2 writing process/strategies (Arndt, 1987; Becker, 2003), L2 writing feedback/evaluation (Ferris, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003; Goldstein, 2001, 2005) L2 writing instruction (Zhang Zhou, 2002; Liu, 2003; Chen, 2005; Coombe Barlow, 2004) and L2 writer’s texts (Zhang, 1997; Hinkel, 1997; Hirose, 2003). In the analysis of L2 writers’ texts, researchers focus on the rhetorical and linguistic features that impact essay scores in different linguistic backgrounds (Becker, 2010; Gustilo, 2011). These studies are significant in that they help us in understanding the complex factors that underlie proficient and less proficient writing. Emphasis on Essay Evaluation In assessing essays, what do raters consider as more proficient and less proficient writing? Studies have established that factors such as content, rhetorical strategy or linguistic (grammar, spelling, vocabulary) and non-linguistic features (organization, style, content, etc. can separate less proficient and more proficient writing. These factors, however, are weighed differently by raters depending on their background and experience (Kobayashi, n. d. ; Weltig, n. d. , Cumming et al. , 2002). According to Weltig, ESL (English as second language), EFL (English as foreign language), and ENL (English as native language) rate rs weigh the aspects of writing differently. On the one hand, the ENL raters put more thrust on the non-language aspects (grammar and mechanics) and consider language-related issues as secondary in judging essays. On the other, ESL and EFL raters focus more on language erro Error Analysis As a corollary to this emphasis on essay evaluation, there is no wonder why almost inextricable in the analysis of L2 texts is the focus on errors that learners make in relation to their writing performance (Sarfraz, 2011; Sattayatham Honsa, 2007; Kitao Kitao, 2000). Previous studies have indicated that errors do significantly affect raters’ evaluation of the overall quality of essays. For instance, Sweedler-Brown (1993) attributed the low scores of L2 essays for the original than for the corrected essays to sentence-level errors. Kobayashi and Rinnert (1993) found that the same essays gained higher overall holistic scores when the errors were corrected. Kobayashi (n. d. ) also found that language use errors and coherence breaks influenced the English teachers’ (both native speaker and Japanese teachers) judgment in terms of content and clarity but not the Japanese university students’ judgments. The error-free essays were praised as very good, but the error-laden essays were penalized with low scores. Terms and Definitions of Errors Making errors is one of the most unavoidable things in the orld. In language acquisition, learning, and teaching, error has been referred to and has been defined in many ways. Catalan (n. d. ) reviewed the terms and definitions of error in Error Studies and consolidated these definitions using the communicative event framework (addresser; addressee; code, norm, and message; and setting). From the perspective of norm or well-formedness of a sentence, error is regarded as â€Å"an infringement or deviation of the code of the formal system of communication through which the message is conveyed† (Catalan, n. . p. 66). Dulay, Burt, and Krashen (1982 p. 139 as cited in Catalan ) corroborates this definition by saying that error is the â€Å"flawed side of learner speech or writing that deviates from selected norm of mature language performance† (p. 7). Errors are alterations of the rules of the accepted norm and are termed as surface errors which may be further classified as omission errors, addition errors, misformation errors, wrong order, spelling error, systems error, and the like. Also the terms overt and covert errors (Corder, 1973, Faerch, 1984, Medges, 1989 as cited in Catalan, n. d. ) may be added in the list. The former refers to errors that are not observable within the surface but implied in the message, and the latter refers to those that are clearly identifiable in the surface (Catalan n. d. , p. 8). Benefits of Error Analysis Error Analysis (EA) is concerned with the analyses of the errors made by L2 learners by comparing the learners’ acquired norms with the target language norms and explaining the identified errors ( James, 1998). Stephen Pit Corder’s (1967) seminal work â€Å"The Significance of Learner’s Errors† has given EA a significant turn in that it views errors as valuable information for three beneficiaries: for teachers, it clues them on the progress of the students; for researchers, it provides evidence as to how language is acquired or learned; for learners themselves, it gives them resources in order to learn (Corder, 1967 as cited in Maicusi, Maicusi, Lopez, 2000, p. 170). With this approach errors are regarded as resources for learning and teaching rather than as â€Å"flaws† which connote failure in the acquisition process and ,therefore, needs to be eradicated. Despite the criticisms against EA such as complete reliance on errors per se and not seeing the whole picture of the learners’ linguistic behaviour by looking also at the nonerrors (Gass Selinker, 1994; Maicusi, Maicusi, Lopez, 2000), EA has contributed comprehensively to Second Language Acquisition Theory and second language writing instruction. Aim of the Study The present study aims at investigating the sentence-level rrors of freshmen students at three proficiency levels and the aspects of writing that raters focus on while rating the essays. Specifically, the present study aims at providing answers to the following research questions: 1. Do writers with higher levels of writing proficiency commit the same errors that low proficiency writers do? 2. Are there significant di fferences in the frequency of errors committed by low, mid, and high proficient writers? 3. Which of these errors significantly decrease essay scores? 4. What aspects of writing that affect essay scores did the raters focus on while rating the essays? Method The Essays The data for the present study is based on the data collected for a previous study. One hundred fifty essays written by freshmen college students on their first week of classes in five private schools in Metro Manila (30 for each participating school) were collected, wordprocessed, and subjected to rating and coding or errors. Rating Three independent raters who are trained ESL teachers rated the essays using a holistic scale patterned after the TOEFL writing section and SAT scoring guides (Gustilo, 2011). Kendall’s Tau coefficient of concordance (. 71, p How to cite Writing Proficiency, Essay examples

Employee Engagement

Question: Assignment Task: Explain the term employee engagement. Outline the advantages of employee engagement. This should include elements like: sales growth, profitability, link between employee engagement with customer satisfaction and retention. Possible negative results of having demotivated and disengaged employees Prepare a detailed description of the practical employee engagement techniques used by your chosen organisation to motivate staff. This should include both the extrinsic and intrinsic techniques used. Possible areas to consider include leadership styles, wages, promotion of staff, and communications used within the organisation, teams and groups, training and development. Based on the findings of the research, provide recommendations which you believe would improve employee engagement at the organisation, and would overcome the barriers to implementing employee engagement. The Harvard referencing system should be used. Answer: Introduction: Employee engagement is a very necessary factor of any organization, for betterment, growth and expansion of the company. Employees generally bring in the business, as they are the representatives of the company and their interaction with the customers make them feel better about the company and draws a good image in their mind about the company and make them loyal to the company. If the organization is able to make its employees happy, then employees would make the customers of the specified organization happy. Employee engagement: The emotional feelings of the employees towards their organization of employment are called employee engagement (Walker, 2012). This emotional feeling regarding the organization generally influences the behaviors of the employees of the organization, and thus also affects the level of work of the employees. Thus, it can be said that, more the engagement, more would be the effort provided by the employees. The nature or types of jobs are also involved within the employee engagement, if the employees might feel mentally stimulated, the employee management communication, the trust between employees and management of the organization, ability of the employees to understand their contribution regarding the performance of the company through their own work, the growth opportunity of the employees within the firm, the level of pride the employees feel for their working in the specified organization (McGee, 2011). According to the vision of Sainsburys, they want to be the most trusted retailer, so that people should love to work in their organization and also to shop. The strategy of Sainsburys is to be unique and different from its competitors, and these can be only possible with the help of the satisfied employees. Thus, employee engagement plays very important role in Sainsburys. Types of Employee Engagement: Generally, there are three types of employee engagement. These are as follows: Firstly engaged, which represents such a situation where the employees usually work with a feeling of profound connection to the company where they are employed. The employees also feel to work with passion (Dickson, 2011). Thus, this type of employee engagement helps in innovation and in growth and expansion of the company. Secondly not engaged, this represents those employees which are checked out. In this type of employee engagement, employees are mainly working but not with their passion or energy (Garber, 2011). Thus, the result of the work is not much satisfactory here. Here work of an employee is equivalent to an individual walking in his sleep. Thirdly actively disengaged, this represents a situation, where the employees are not only unhappy but are also busy in showing their unhappiness in the organization and in their work (Dickson, 2011). Thus, this type of employee engagement is very harmful for an organization, as this type of actively disengaged employees also affect the other employees and their contribution towards the organization. Sainsburys human resource department has appointed a shrinkage specialist team to reduce the levels of wastage, loss and boost of the employees to maintain engaged type of employee engagement. Dimensions Of Employee Engagement The dimensions of employee engagement are What does the employee gets Employee engagement depends upon what the employees are getting in exchange of doing a job. This perk includes incentives, benefits, increment, and culture of the organization (Dhar, Kaila and Nair, 2009). What does the employee gives This depends upon the relationship between the seniors of an organization and the juniors. The employee should be well acquainted to the responsibilities the employee holds in the organization and also what they need to give to the organization. Do the employee belongs to the organization When an organization that includes the employees in their decision making, it gives the employees a sense of belonging in the organization. It gives the employee a sense that the individual is a part and parcel of the organization and not there just to do the work (Ryde and Sofianos, 2014). How can the employee grow Motivating the employee with new challenges and growth and giving them timely increment and promotions gives the employee an idea of how it will help in personal growth. The employee will be motivated when the individual has knowledge about the career growth and the contribution will also increase towards the organization (Dhar, Kaila and Nair, 2009). Sainsbury has retained 15,000 employees who have contributed to the company with 20 years of their professional career. Among these 15,000, there are 195 employees who have reached 40 years in the company. Sainsbury has started the Convenience Training College to train the team leaders, to achieve the dimension of the employee engagement (Ryde and Sofianos, 2014). Increase In Employee Engagement The business of an organization largely contributes to the employee engagement. The more the organization will grow, the more the people will get attracted to the organization. Before joining an organization, an individual first checks the history of the organization, annual output and how the organization will help in individual growth of the employee (Armstrong, 2013). Hence, an organization should work to enhance their business in order to increase employee engagement. Other factors within the organization which help in increasing employee engagement are providing better incentives to the employees, so that they get motivated. Provided the organization maintains a healthy atmosphere in the workplace, for example, marinating good relationship between juniors and seniors, healthy competition among employees, building trust among each other, they will also help in employee engagement (Armstrong, 2013). Sainsbury has employed around 11,400 individuals who have reached the age of 60 in the stores across the country (Garber, 2011). They emphasized on employee engagement, by taking the annual colleague survey through groups like, Great Place to Work groups. Sainsbury employs various motivational theories to motivate the employees. They provide the employees timely incentives, and staff reward schemes. The idea of these reward schemes was started by Sainsburys direct business team, to enhance the productivity, increase sales, and inspire the employees to perform better. Sainsbury rewards the employees by giving them condition free bonus cards. The employees can avail discounts up to 1000 (Garber, 2011). The cards are initially deactivated, but once the employee orders something, the card gets activated. The person can buy anything starting from clothes, beauty products, and health items to food. Relationship Between Motivation And Employee Engagement Motivation plays a very important role in an employees work-life. It is also helpful in maintain the work-life balance of an employee. Only motivated employees are found to be more engaged to their work as well as more loyal towards their employers. A motivated employee can achieve the goals of an organization more enthusiastically and rapidly. A healthy relationship between employer and employee also improves employee-engagement. Proper communication within the staff and involvement of employees in the decision making process, is the key strength of Sainsburys employee engagement activities.Rivera, A. and Flinck, J. (2011). Motivational level of the employees, within an organization can be improved byproviding a positive working environment for the employees, by appreciating their work by giving rewards, incentives and recognition, by involving the employees in the decision-making process of the organization, by increasing employee engagement, open communication, encouraging the employees to develop their skills and abilities and a continues evaluation and measurement of job satisfaction is necessary. Good organizations conduct a job satisfaction survey at least once a year. Managers can help employees achieve an overall job satisfaction by motivating them, and an employees internal motivation drive will help increase performance on the job. Sainsbury gives due importance to employee engagement activities as a result, it employs over 20,000 employees for more than 20 years. Hence, employee engagement in the given company has helped the company to survive in the market for long and also help taste success, and maintain a strong, healthy and long-term relationship with its customers. The Impact Of Employee-Engagement On Profitability Employee-engagement has a very powerful impact on the profitability of the company. Engaged employees are loyal towards the company, are secured about their jobs, hence work harder towards achieving the organizational goals of the company, and hence help maximizing profit for the company. Sainsbury lays emphasis on employee engagement programs. Brajer-Marczak, R. (2014). Sainsbury believes in collecting a regular feedback from its staff as well as its clients so as to get a continual information about its products and hence is able to maintain a healthy relationship with its employees as well as its customers, which also help to continuously innovate its product and provide innovative and better services to its employees. The senior management staff of the company makes a weekly visit to all its stores to enquire about the progress of work. By conducting a survey, Sainsbury has found that higher the level of employee engagement higher is the level of sales and hence higher profit. It was found that employee engagement contributes to about 15% growth of the yearly growth of a store. The Impact Of Employee-Engagement On Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective or the ultimate aim of any company. In todays world customers do not hesitate to switch their loyalty towards the companies and hence it is very important on the part of the company to give special importance to customer satisfaction. Continues innovation of products and services leads to customer satisfaction, also continuous feedback from the customers also helps improving the level of customer satisfaction. As, Sainsburys employees give a weekly visit to all its stores, hence they get a first hand information about the feedback of the customers which helps them to improve its products and services as per the wishes of the customers and hence satisfy the customers. Sainsbury also gives ample importance to the suggestions given by its employees to improve the performance of the company as well as helps in achieving the goal of customer satisfaction. The Impact Of Employee-Engagement On Growth Of The Organization Employee engagement also plays an important role in the growth of the organization. Satisfied employees are more loyal towards the company and hence are more concerned about the growth of the company; as a result work harder to achieve the goals of the company. Employee engagement helps in maintaining a healthy and a long- term relationship between the employers as well as employees. Sainsbury has found that employee engagement contributes to about 15% growth of the yearly growth of a store. In a global survey, it was found that the companies, which had, at least 25% growth in employee engagement has accounted for twice-net annual income. On the other-hand, the companies, which had lower, level of employee engagement amounted to about 28% less than the average growth. The Impact Of Employee-Engagement On Employee Retension Employee engagement is also helpful in retaining employees. As, employee engagement helps in building a long-term relationship with the organization, it also helps retain the employees. In Sainsbury, more than 15000 employees are been working for 20 years. In addition, approximately more than 195 employees are working for more than 40 years. About 11,600 employees are over sixty years of age. J-sainsbury.co.uk, (2015) The Impact Of Employee-Engagement On Performance Employee engagement also has a strong impact on the performance of the company and on the performance of the employees as well. A healthy employer-employee relationship ensures high level of performance of the employees as a result the productivity of the company also increases. This is the reason, Sainsbury is able to sustain in the market for so long and has maintained a sustained growth. Disadvantage Of Disengaged And Demotivated Employee The most important disadvantage of unmotivated and disengaged employees is increase in number of resignations (Harb, 2011). Various factors that contribute to demotivated employees are unhealthy work culture, absence of trust factor among employees, disregard of individual performance and so on. Disengaged employees are mostly underperformers, if an employee is not engaged in any work, the efficiency will decrease, and hence it will result in laziness and lack of motivation in work. Demotivated employees can also affect the business of an organization which will affect the profitability of the company (Smith, 2011). If an individual does not find any interest in the work, that individual will take day-offs from work, as a result affecting the companys business. If the rate of employee retention decreases, the recruitment process of the organization will increase. Every time, a new employee joins, that person will need sometimes to get used to the organization. Hence, it will affect t he business of the organization as a whole (Smith, 2011). Sainsbury in collaboration with shrinkage specialists Checkpoint Systems worked towards decreasing the level of loss, wastage and enhance availability. A study was carried out to find the shortcoming, where 200000 employees were interviewed to study the relationship between employee engagement and retail loss. The result said 25% of the stores with least employee engagement could gain 19.6% of reduction in loss of profits that was affected due to lack of availability. The study also revealed that if the employee engagement rate was increased then it would result in 25% reduction in shrinkage, 9.8% waste reduction, and 9.5% loss of cash could be saved. The collaboration of Sainsbury with ECR has helped the company to understand the relation between employee engagement and business enhancement. It is due to this study that Sainsbury has got a clear idea about the disadvantage of disengaged or demotivated employees (halliwell, 2014). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that employee engagement and motivation is a very important factor for an organization. If an organization wants to flourish the business, the organization should keep in mind the various factors that increase employee engagement, because it is these employees in the organization that helps the company to grow (Karsan and Kruse, 2011). An organization should also keep in mind the welfare of the employees. The organization should motivate the employees by engaging the people to do challenging tasks, so that the employees do not get disengaged. The organization should introduce various schemes and bonus cards, using which the employees can get discounts in various commodities. Sainsbury has done a good job by introducing the scheme cards where the individuals can avail discounts up to 1000 in various commodities like, clothes, food, health products and so on. All these schemes motivate the employees to perform better and contribute to the growth of the organization. Recommendations Sainsbury gives ample importance to employee-engagement activities. Sainsbury mostly involve its employees in the decision-making process, other than that the company must involve other methods of motivating the employees as well. Providing incentives to employees, rewarding them, encouraging them to perform better, taking interest in their personal career growth as well, etc. The company must ensure that its employees take pride in whatever they do and are satisfied with their jobs. This helps to improve the level of employee engagement in the company. The company should also make efforts to make the employees comfortable to work in their organization. There are many employee engagement activities or methods which can be implemented in order to increase the employee engagement. Such processes includes sensitivity training, simulation programs, role plays, in-basket exercises, etc. All these help to improve the inter as well as intra personal relationships within employees. References Brajer-Marczak, R. (2014). Employee engagement in continuous improvement of processes. Management, 18(2). Bridger, E. (2014). Employee engagement. London: Kogan Page. CONNOR, J. (2011). Sainsbury's Talks Talent and Joins the Employee Engagement Taskforce. [online] Available at: https://www.humanresourcesiq.com [Accessed 19 Jul. 2015]. Garber, P. (2011). Coaching employee engagement training. Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. J-sainsbury.co.uk, (2015). J Sainsbury plc / Home. [online] Available at: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk [Accessed 19 Jul. 2015]. RAYTON, B. (2012). Employee Engagement Task Force. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net [Accessed 19 Jul. 2015]. Rivera, A. and Flinck, J. (2011). Employee-Led, Employee Engagement in the Federal Government: SAMHSA PeopleFirst. Advances in Developing Human Resources. WALKER, P. (2013). Real-world facts about Employee Engagement. [online] Available at: https://www.marketingcompass.co.uk [Accessed 19 Jul. 2015]. Armstrong, M. (2013). How to manage people. London: Kogan Page. Dhar, U., Kaila, H. and Nair, J. (2009). 40 Management Lessons from Corporate World. Himalaya Pub. House. Garber, P. (2011). Coaching employee engagement training. Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. halliwell, j. (2014). Sainsbury's tackles employee engagement to reduce shrinkage. [online] TheGrocer.co.uk. Available at: https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/people/people-news/sainsburys-tackles-employee-engagement-to-reduce-shrinkage/373782.article [Accessed 19 Jul. 2015]. Harb, S. (2011). Employee engagement. Davenport, Ia.: St. Ambrose University. Karsan, R. and Kruse, K. (2011). We. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Ryde, R. and Sofianos, L. (2014). Creating Authentic Organizations. London: Kogan Page. Smith, K. (2011). Deep engagement and disengaged reason. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 22(1), pp.40-55. Dickson, D. (2011).Fostering employee engagement. Amherst, Mass.: HRD Press. Garber, P. (2011).Coaching employee engagement training. Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. McGee, R. (2011).Employee engagement. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Walker, S. (2012).Employee engagement and communication research. London: Kogan Page.